Evocation
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主要指由外物觸發(fā)內(nèi)心情感而產(chǎn)生的審美感受和心理狀態(tài)。作為美學(xué)范疇的“興”接受了“興觀群怨”之“興（譬喻）”與“賦比興”之“興（六義之一）”的雙重影響而兼有兩者的含義。從欣賞的角度來看，孔子（前551—前479）所提出的“興觀群怨”之“興”，注重讀詩而引發(fā)的心理感受和教育功能，并非純粹的文學(xué)理論；從創(chuàng)作的角度來看，“興”是《詩經(jīng)》“六義”（風(fēng)、雅、頌、賦、比、興）之一，一般說來，前三者為《詩經(jīng)》的內(nèi)容與體裁分類，后三者為《詩經(jīng)》的創(chuàng)作手法?！芭d”的基本特征為：由相類似的事物引發(fā)開來，運用想象與聯(lián)想，達成譬喻，由此及彼，將所要表達的意義蘊含在形象中，使詩歌的韻味更加含蓄、深邃?！芭d”將詩歌的發(fā)端與聯(lián)想完整地融為一體，使人在鑒賞中回味無窮，是中國古代詩歌創(chuàng)作的特有手法?！芭d”起初與“比”結(jié)合緊密，魏晉南北朝時它的蘊含和審美特征逐漸獲得獨立的發(fā)展，成為與“比興”分立的詩學(xué)范疇，“興”更注重外物對內(nèi)心的感發(fā)觸動。
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This term refers to the state of mind in which external things evoke one's inner feelings, thus creating aesthetic appreciation. As an aesthetic term, evocation means both stimulation and association. In artistic appreciation, Confucius (551-479 BC) used evocation to refer to the psychological effect and educational function of reading poetry, and it was not meant to be a literary term only. In artistic creation, evocation means association, which is among the six poetic forms, namely, ballad, narrative, analogy, association, court hymns, and eulogy, as described in?The Book of Songs. The first three refer to the content and subtypes of classic Chinese poetry, whereas the latter three elements are creative means employed by?The Book of Songs. Evocation is defined by the use of similar or relevant things to create a metaphor which, by virtue of imagination and association, conveys a message through imagery and highlights the nuances of poetry. Evocation arouses one's imagination through reading a poem, making such experience an enjoyable one. It is a rhetorical means frequently used in classical Chinese poetry. At first, evocation was closely linked to analogy. Its implication and aesthetic properties started to grow independently in the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties period, and finally became a poetic term different from analogy and association. Evocation focuses on the impact of external things on one's emotions.
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引例 Citations：
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◎興于詩，立于禮，成于樂（yuè）。（《論語·泰伯》）
以詩感發(fā)意志，以禮規(guī)范行為，以樂成就人格。
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One uses poetry to evoke volition, rituals and etiquette to regulate behavior and music to shape one's character. (The Analects)
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◎興者，起也。取譬引類，起發(fā)己心?！对姟肺闹T舉草木鳥獸以見意者，皆興辭也。（孔穎達《毛詩正義》卷一引鄭眾語）
興，就是起意。借相類似的事物取譬喻，引發(fā)自己的情感、心志。《詩經(jīng)》文本中列舉草木鳥獸以表現(xiàn)作者情感、心志的情況，都是“興”一類的詞句。
Evocation means using certain things in the outer world to arouse one's emotions and aspirations.?The Book of Songs, for example, cites trees, grass, birds and beasts to evoke such feelings. (Zheng Zhong, as quoted in Kong Yingda: Correct Meaning of "Introductions to?Mao's Version of The Book of Songs")
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◎《詩》有六義，其四為興。興者，因事發(fā)耑（duān），托物喻意，隨時成詠。（王闿運《詩法一首示黃生》）
《詩經(jīng)》有六義，第四為興。興，就是依憑事物而感發(fā)，借事物寄托自己的意思，隨時吟誦成詩。
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The Book of Songs?contains six genres: ballads, narratives, analogies, association, court hymns, and eulogy. The fourth one, namely "association," means that the poet makes use of things from the outer world to voice his feelings and volition, thus creating a poem. (Wang Kaiyun: A Poem Written to Show Mr. Huang How to Write Poetry)
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