1.?百戲
Baixi (All Performing Arts)
中國(guó)古代歌舞雜技表演的總稱(chēng)。包括武術(shù)、魔術(shù)、馴獸、歌舞、滑稽戲表演，及空中走繩、吞刀、踏火等各種雜技，內(nèi)容豐富，形式多樣，表演比較自由而隨意，追求娛樂(lè)效果，具有民間性和通俗性。漢代開(kāi)始流行，隨著各民族的文化交流與融匯，樂(lè)舞雜技表演形式也不斷融合、豐富，“百戲”是表示其種類(lèi)繁多。南北朝以后其義同于“散樂(lè)”。唐代進(jìn)一步盛行。宋代以后，散樂(lè)側(cè)重指文人創(chuàng)作、藝人表演的歌舞、戲劇，百戲則相當(dāng)于民間雜技。有時(shí)，統(tǒng)治者會(huì)因?yàn)榘賾虻⒄`正業(yè)甚至影響風(fēng)氣而頒布禁令。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，百戲孕育了歌舞、戲劇等高雅藝術(shù)，留下了中國(guó)雜技這一非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)，豐富了人們的精神文化生活。
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It's a generic term in history for performing arts, including martial arts, magic, taming animals, song and dance, farce, tightrope walking, knife swallowing, walking on fire, and other acrobatic performances. Such performing arts were diverse in both form and content and the performance could easily take place, the only criterion being to entertain the popular audience. Such performances began in Han times, and as culture and art forms from different ethnic groups were slowly integrated into local practice, performing arts and acrobatics came to be increasingly diversified. The term baixi (百戲) literally means "ahundred forms of performances," and suggests, different kinds of performing arts. After the Southern and Northern Dynasties another term, sanyue (散樂(lè)), became synonymous with baixi. During the Tang Dynasty the performing arts became even more popular. In Song times sanyue came to refer mainly to song and dance performances or operas created by men of letters; while baixi came to mean principally acrobatic shows by folk artists. At times the authorities would impose a ban on baixi, believing that such performing arts exerted a bad influence on social customs. Still it is fair to say that baixi gave birth to high-brow song and dance as well as operas. It turned acrobatics into a form of intangible cultural heritage, enriching the cultural life of the people.
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引例 Citation：
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◎秦漢已來(lái)，又有雜技，其變非一，名為百戲，亦總謂之散樂(lè)。（郭茂倩《樂(lè)府詩(shī)集》卷五十六引《唐書(shū)·樂(lè)志》）
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自秦漢以后，又加入了各種雜技，演變出的種類(lèi)很多，總稱(chēng)為“百戲”，也總稱(chēng)為“散樂(lè)”。
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From the Qin and Han dynasties onward, there appeared different kinds of acrobatic shows and a great variety of performing arts, which were referred to as baixi, and were also called sanyue. (The History of the Tang Dynasty)